Exposure metrics in epidemiological studies – how do they compare?
Exposure to environmental stressors can adversely affect health. In different studies, a wide range metrics have been applied as indicators of environmental exposure. The approaches vary from relatively simple techniques, such as distance-to-road calculation, to advanced spatial and temporal modelling. This variety in exposure metrics being used complicates comparison between studies and the combination of studies in order to derive exposure-response functions. Therefore, a selection was made of a number of prominent exposure metrics used in epidemiological studies including: concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter (PM10), road traffic noise (Lden), distance to a major road, cumulative traffic density within a radius around the home address and distance weighted traffic density. In order to compare different exposure metrics, all exposure metrics to at address level for all addresses (N=288068) related to dwellings within the study area of Rotterdam North, the Netherlands. Relations between these metrics have been derived using straightforward statistical analysis, resulting in an overview of the how well each metric can be predicted by another. On the basis of these analysis can be concluded that the power of metrics that are based upon straightforward GIS functions such as distance to major road, cumulated traffic density and distance weighted traffic density to predict road traffic noise levels or concentrations of air pollutants is rather small (R2 < 0.40).

