The MEME (many-exposures many-effects) framework was developed as a basis for selecting and creating indicators of children’s environmental health.  It was a deliberate attempt to escape from the linear and pollution-based view provided by the DPSEEA (and other) frameworks, and to recognise the importance of behaviours and settings in determining exposures.  It also highlights that the causal chain may be read in two ways: to identify the likely consequences of exposures (and thus predict health effects), or to track effects back to their causes (and thus attribute blame and define where preventive action might be necessary).